The beginning of the introduction to Part 4 basically explains how big of a trend globalization is and how it helped to successfully spread things such as religion and disease. It goes on to talk about how many different places slowly became modern societies and grew in population. Basically as population grew, militaries were formed fueling the "gunpowder revolution." Also, as populations and modernization spread, the natural environment started to fall due to the need for more farmland and humans pressure on nature.
Another big point is the fact that, while the European's present is often talked about a lot they really only had full control of the Americas. In Asia, Japan and China had say over the European missionaries. A common trend everywhere was the patriarchy as gender equality was not taken seriously in any region whatsoever.
Basically the power struggle was everywhere and there was no group that was obviously in power over all the others as many big societies had a foothold in a ruling position.
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