module 6
4. There were many obstacles that leaders of the movements for indolence faced. The leaders were not only almost always male but they were also taken from the very few who were educated enough to make a real stand that would be taken seriously. The leaders had to organize political parties, recruit members, plot strategy and negotiate. On top of that they had to create a whole new ideology that people would listen o and take seriously. The movements were reminiscent on past movements but the difference was that they didn't want old ways from the past to resurface. They wanted a new way of thinking that would join the world of independent nation-states. One of their biggest tasks that all the new leaders had to take on was the accumulation of a mass following. The problem with this for many of the leaders was that they had trouble connecting with their followers, as they were on top and their followers were just ordinary common people. The alliances were not strong and they were hardly ever promised agreements but very fragile followings. While the fight for independence was a common goal, they often disagreed on many things being that they were typically a group filled with many different classes, religions and ethnic groups.
6. Ghandi's role in India's struggle was characterized by the way that he lead his followers in nonviolence but still confrontational. He became one of the "fathers" as he led the independence movements. His movement started after he took a job in South Africa when he first experienced racism. From then on he grew in popularity and led fellow Indians who were mostly Muslim in his way of social reform. He transformed the Indian National Congress into a mass organization as he gained so much popularity with his simple lifestyle. His work was centered in raising the status for the untouchables and he accepted everyones support no matter what their initial views or stereotypes were. He also supported women and helped with their struggle in marriage and societal standards. The way that he gained is much power and influence was through his fight for everyone and acceptance of any kind of support he could get. He didn't reject anyone and he aimed to raise the social status of the people who struggled the most with that. He set an example of stubborn and unwillingness to give up even if that meant going against all the social norms. His role was important for everyone including the people that he was going against.
10. South Africa had a long standing struggle against white domination. In 1912 when the African National Congress was established, a group of male educated professionals wanted to be heard and accepted. They didn't want to overthrow or revolt but hey wanted to be thought of as a part of their own society. They even appealed to the liberal, humane and christian values that the white society had claimed as theirs. The ANC peacefully protested for 40 years doing everything in their power to make a change. Even the women got involved and were eventually allowed to be apart of the ANC. When they realized, peacefully protesting wasn't working too well a new group of ANC members took a stand and began boycotting, striking and putting on meaningful demonstrations. With this change in direction came violence and death resulting in imprisonment and the banning of major political parties. Student groups and internal groups within South Africa shared their opposition for the South African government and combined with the exclusion from the Western World. As they felt the pressure they finally gave in to consider an alternative besides a bloody struggle for acceptance. In 1994 the apartheid and white domination came to an end as Nelson Mandela was released and the first democratic and nonracial election was held.
Thursday, April 30, 2020
module 5
For this module I have done research on The Third Plague Pandemic. This plague was third after the Plague of Justinian and the Black Death. It struck the Chinese province on Yunnan in 1855 and mostly affected China and India. That being said there were cases all the way own San Fransisco and South Africa. It was fun that humans were vulnerable to this plague due to rat flea bites. This pandemic was considered active by the WHO until 1960 once the death rates finally dropped to below 200. While it was active it took about 15 million lives before it died out. While this pandemic was the third bubonic plague, the doctors and medical professionals hadn't figured out what exactly caused this and what the disease was until about the middle of this third time around. In 1894, a doctor named Alexandre Yersin identified Yersinias pestis as the agent for the plague and it was found that strains of Y. pestis were introduced to the Europeans in the first 2 plagues and they had went extinct before the new and third strains found during the third pandemic. The plague was spread on ships and taken to many different places with the first case in Europe showing up around 1896 when two sailors died on the ship coming from Bombay docked in London. The third plague pandemic is important because of the many recorded cases that were able to be saved and studied. Breakthroughs were made numerously after this plague because the scientists and physicians could compare cases and take into account there pre-antibiotic era. An interesting finding that isn't surprising now that we are able to research, is that the cases were widespread but most of the outbreaks were in the coastal regions or port cities. This makes sense as we now know the plague was spread on the ships. I think one of the biggest things taken from this was the extent to which sanitation needed to be taken seriously. The more they paid attention, the more they realized and took into account that there was a rise of rat deaths too and the amount dirty infected materials were probably left around ships. Coming from this was multiple meetings about how to keep people safe and sanitary.
module 4
The section on fascism talked mainly about how revolutionary the new ideology was. It rejected all the old ways of thinking and wants to complete eliminate things such as liberalism and feminism because to them. it made them weak and divided. The reason for the spark of the fascist movement was loss of faith after the first world war and the Russian revolution. In some places more than others, the movement became popular and had political influence. In Germany and Italy, the movement lasted and caused awful damage to the states. Benito Mussolini became a key character in the rise of fascism's popularity. He promised his people many social reforms and focused less on that and more on making sure the central state had the power and was keeping it. While changing many things, fascists looked back to the normal Italian life for cultural examples. For example even though Mussolini was atheist, he embraced the Catholic culture.
That being said, according to my internet search, fascism's ideology is characterized by nationalism, hierarchy, militarism, masculinity and a variety of other things. It is a form of political government in which there is a type of one party dictatorship. The goal of a fascist party is to prepare for conflict, therefore stress the need for a strong and brutal military. That along with responding to economic struggles is number one and the individual is always below the nation and typically race.
After reading about fasciae and researching the topic, I think assuming that fascist tendencies in our country at least, is a reach. I think that making that argument would be very hard to support without stretching any truth. I think in order to really say that fascism is really apparent in our world, I would have to see a true dictator who had the ability to influence a majority of the people who are no longer supporting the current ideology. I think while there could be some arguments made that this is happening, there isn't a large enough group who agrees with one person that would make a big enough impact on the world we live in today.
That being said, according to my internet search, fascism's ideology is characterized by nationalism, hierarchy, militarism, masculinity and a variety of other things. It is a form of political government in which there is a type of one party dictatorship. The goal of a fascist party is to prepare for conflict, therefore stress the need for a strong and brutal military. That along with responding to economic struggles is number one and the individual is always below the nation and typically race.
After reading about fasciae and researching the topic, I think assuming that fascist tendencies in our country at least, is a reach. I think that making that argument would be very hard to support without stretching any truth. I think in order to really say that fascism is really apparent in our world, I would have to see a true dictator who had the ability to influence a majority of the people who are no longer supporting the current ideology. I think while there could be some arguments made that this is happening, there isn't a large enough group who agrees with one person that would make a big enough impact on the world we live in today.
Sunday, April 26, 2020
module 3
module 3
1)The massive peasant rebellion had many causes. One of the main reasons was the fact that the central state had lost power to the provincial officials and the local gentry. The new power was extremely corrupt and treated the peasants terribly. This added to the pressure from the European military which disrupted internal trade routes, created an overwhelming about of unemployment and raised the peasants taxes. All these circumstances allowed for a growing amount of bandit gangs and what ended up being the peasant rebellion. The peasant groups went against all common asian religions and expressed opposition to Qing Dynasty. They wanted a complete shift that would allow them to abolish many things that made the peasants. They called for the abolishment of private property and the redistribution of land along with the end of prostitution and opium smoking. This rebellion even called for women to be included in the equality giving women the rights to equal shares of land and allowing women to have their feet unbound. While the calls to action were strong and radical, they were unable to link up with other rebel groups and the unusual uprising was unable to succeed. But the motivation was to fight for a completely different approach to the life they were forced to be living.
6) The Ottoman Empire's first attempt at responding to its problems was when Sultan Selim III attempted to update the army and draw on European advisers and techniques. When that didn't work out and he was murdered, decades later the leaders in the of the Ottoman Empire took on a far more reformist technique named Tanizmat. With this technique they were able to set up things such as factories, resettlement of agriculture, law codes, elementary schools and a postal service. This allowed for them to start heading into a more modernized and westernized future. The reforms didn't directly mention women, but they even considered allowing for women to have modest educational opportunities. All of these changes challenged the typically Muslim state which never considered any of this as an option. It raised many questions but it worked for a long time until pressures of war took over and the Sultan went back to the old ways completely and suspended the reforms. But while it lasted the Ottoman Empire favored the European style democracy and allowed for them to fight back against the European aggression when they needed to. They felt that this was the only way to fix their problems for a while. They even argued that they should embrace the western ways of technology and science and reject its materialism to try and gain an upper hand without going against what they believed in.
10) Japan's 19th century transformation was revolutionary because of their effectiveness and how thoroughly they were able to change their society. Their first task called for an attack on both the power and privileges of the daimyo and samurai. By doing this their goal was to create a sense of national unity and put samurai back in their position at the nations warriors. This was not too big of a deal and wasn't made to be too painful for the who had to step down as they found other positions to work for the nation, meaning this was very successful. The Japanese also went through a period of drawing on everything western which was very out of their ordinary and after it passes they were able to pull what they wanted from the western world more selectively. Another large part of their transition was their need to implement equal rights for women in order to gain respect from the western world. During that time a small feminist movement even broke out asking fro women right to not and to be more heard. That being said, the most women in Japan got was a right to education for girls and everything else was suppressed. And the main revolutionary piece was the state guided industrialization program creating modern infrastructure and becoming a major exporter of textiles.
1)The massive peasant rebellion had many causes. One of the main reasons was the fact that the central state had lost power to the provincial officials and the local gentry. The new power was extremely corrupt and treated the peasants terribly. This added to the pressure from the European military which disrupted internal trade routes, created an overwhelming about of unemployment and raised the peasants taxes. All these circumstances allowed for a growing amount of bandit gangs and what ended up being the peasant rebellion. The peasant groups went against all common asian religions and expressed opposition to Qing Dynasty. They wanted a complete shift that would allow them to abolish many things that made the peasants. They called for the abolishment of private property and the redistribution of land along with the end of prostitution and opium smoking. This rebellion even called for women to be included in the equality giving women the rights to equal shares of land and allowing women to have their feet unbound. While the calls to action were strong and radical, they were unable to link up with other rebel groups and the unusual uprising was unable to succeed. But the motivation was to fight for a completely different approach to the life they were forced to be living.
6) The Ottoman Empire's first attempt at responding to its problems was when Sultan Selim III attempted to update the army and draw on European advisers and techniques. When that didn't work out and he was murdered, decades later the leaders in the of the Ottoman Empire took on a far more reformist technique named Tanizmat. With this technique they were able to set up things such as factories, resettlement of agriculture, law codes, elementary schools and a postal service. This allowed for them to start heading into a more modernized and westernized future. The reforms didn't directly mention women, but they even considered allowing for women to have modest educational opportunities. All of these changes challenged the typically Muslim state which never considered any of this as an option. It raised many questions but it worked for a long time until pressures of war took over and the Sultan went back to the old ways completely and suspended the reforms. But while it lasted the Ottoman Empire favored the European style democracy and allowed for them to fight back against the European aggression when they needed to. They felt that this was the only way to fix their problems for a while. They even argued that they should embrace the western ways of technology and science and reject its materialism to try and gain an upper hand without going against what they believed in.
10) Japan's 19th century transformation was revolutionary because of their effectiveness and how thoroughly they were able to change their society. Their first task called for an attack on both the power and privileges of the daimyo and samurai. By doing this their goal was to create a sense of national unity and put samurai back in their position at the nations warriors. This was not too big of a deal and wasn't made to be too painful for the who had to step down as they found other positions to work for the nation, meaning this was very successful. The Japanese also went through a period of drawing on everything western which was very out of their ordinary and after it passes they were able to pull what they wanted from the western world more selectively. Another large part of their transition was their need to implement equal rights for women in order to gain respect from the western world. During that time a small feminist movement even broke out asking fro women right to not and to be more heard. That being said, the most women in Japan got was a right to education for girls and everything else was suppressed. And the main revolutionary piece was the state guided industrialization program creating modern infrastructure and becoming a major exporter of textiles.
module 2
Module 2
3) By the 19th century Europeans definitely had a hard decline in how they viewed other cultures, specifically the Asian and African societies. The Europeans had created a hype of arrogance that only included their community as a result of the progress made during the industrial revolution. Their motivation for their pretty racist opinions was basically that they discovered all the ways of creating a new found wealth and science in nature therefore they were better than anyone and everyone else. The Asian and African countries who regarded as nations that were worthy of some kind of respect before were now seen as nothing but the difference in appearance. They called them out for their skin color and even lowered the Africans down to "primitive". The Europeans were able to use their knowledge of science against the Africans and backed up their opinions with their new creations coming from the advance in scientific technology. They also used the excuse of saying they felt responsible to basically rule over the less powerful races which had no real evidence. The whole European nation was influenced to think this because of the new developments made during the industrial and scientific revolution. They were only able to have any upper hand on them in this because they had the tools. At that point it didn't matter if they were using the tools right, it just mattered that the Europeans had them and the Asians and African's didn't.
6) If I had the chance to sit down with Mr. Nguyen, I believe I would feel a lot of remorse and first apologize for the situation he was put through. The fact that he was left in this situation where I'm sure he felt some sort of guilt for being just being alive is a terrible way to live. I think that he needed to be told that it wasn't his fault for what happened or what he was forced to become. I think I would say that he had every right for feeling the way he did and that everything that happened couldn't just be excused and the way that he felt was understood and it made sense. The idea of nothing feeling right anymore was completely supported and I'm sure anyone who was in his situation felt the same way. I would hope the conversation would go well and it would be informative for me and helpful for him to understand his feelings as reasonable and okay. I think he would express a lot of anger and sadness and helplessness as everything that happened had already been done and at that point there was really nothing he could do but remember.
13) The new colonial economies had a large impact on the African women. While they were originally relied on for the growth of cotton for their own families, they soon had a larger subsistence workload due to the men taking control of the more profitable parts of cash crop farming. Women were often left to manage the domestic economy alone while also taking on getting food to the men in the cities. The women were basically forced to take on traditionally jobs that the men handled plus their own responsibilities. As a result of this extra stress on the women, they became closer to their birth families rather than the families they married into. They also established self-help associations for all kinds of working women, even those who were less respected such as the prostitutes. On one end of the spectrum women were able to gain dominance in trading of agricultural crops and textiles and on the other, women became heads of the household with the absence of their husbands. That being said, men still wanted to control the women and were constantly pushing to create rules and regulations to keep the women inside.
3) By the 19th century Europeans definitely had a hard decline in how they viewed other cultures, specifically the Asian and African societies. The Europeans had created a hype of arrogance that only included their community as a result of the progress made during the industrial revolution. Their motivation for their pretty racist opinions was basically that they discovered all the ways of creating a new found wealth and science in nature therefore they were better than anyone and everyone else. The Asian and African countries who regarded as nations that were worthy of some kind of respect before were now seen as nothing but the difference in appearance. They called them out for their skin color and even lowered the Africans down to "primitive". The Europeans were able to use their knowledge of science against the Africans and backed up their opinions with their new creations coming from the advance in scientific technology. They also used the excuse of saying they felt responsible to basically rule over the less powerful races which had no real evidence. The whole European nation was influenced to think this because of the new developments made during the industrial and scientific revolution. They were only able to have any upper hand on them in this because they had the tools. At that point it didn't matter if they were using the tools right, it just mattered that the Europeans had them and the Asians and African's didn't.
6) If I had the chance to sit down with Mr. Nguyen, I believe I would feel a lot of remorse and first apologize for the situation he was put through. The fact that he was left in this situation where I'm sure he felt some sort of guilt for being just being alive is a terrible way to live. I think that he needed to be told that it wasn't his fault for what happened or what he was forced to become. I think I would say that he had every right for feeling the way he did and that everything that happened couldn't just be excused and the way that he felt was understood and it made sense. The idea of nothing feeling right anymore was completely supported and I'm sure anyone who was in his situation felt the same way. I would hope the conversation would go well and it would be informative for me and helpful for him to understand his feelings as reasonable and okay. I think he would express a lot of anger and sadness and helplessness as everything that happened had already been done and at that point there was really nothing he could do but remember.
13) The new colonial economies had a large impact on the African women. While they were originally relied on for the growth of cotton for their own families, they soon had a larger subsistence workload due to the men taking control of the more profitable parts of cash crop farming. Women were often left to manage the domestic economy alone while also taking on getting food to the men in the cities. The women were basically forced to take on traditionally jobs that the men handled plus their own responsibilities. As a result of this extra stress on the women, they became closer to their birth families rather than the families they married into. They also established self-help associations for all kinds of working women, even those who were less respected such as the prostitutes. On one end of the spectrum women were able to gain dominance in trading of agricultural crops and textiles and on the other, women became heads of the household with the absence of their husbands. That being said, men still wanted to control the women and were constantly pushing to create rules and regulations to keep the women inside.
module 1
Module 1
3) Britain was distinctive because it was the most commercialized out of all of Europe's larger countries. Beginning with landlords, agriculturally they had pushed out the smaller farmers in order to make room for the more fruitful agricultural business that could help produce for the market and make big innovations. Along with this, guilds had basically disappeared meaning the big employers were running their manufacturing enterprises and as the population grew super fast, there was a bunch people ready for industrial work. Besides this, Britain political life encouraged the growth and skills connected to innovation and technology. In fact, the British government favored men of business by creating laws that made it easier for businessmen to make companies and to erase workers unions. And one of the biggest things that helped Britain in the Industrial revolution was the ready supply of oil and coal within easy reach of the main industrial centers. So overall since Britain's society was already relatively laid back and not set in stone as much as many other countries during that time, the new changes that came with the industrial revolution didn't spark emotion for revolt but more welcomed it.
4) The transformation to the British society could be seen as both good and bad. For most of the people within the society, good or bad it was a huge change in general. It was considered very painful and traumatic for a majority of the people as they were made to feel a kind of social conflict and insecurity. It created new opportunities for people too though and it ended up creating a higher standard of living along with higher percentage of participation in the community. The people who suffered the least materially, not surprisingly was the individual landowning aristocrats. They were still needed especially considering the growing population and their need for agricultural crops. That being said however as a class, the British aristocracy actually declined due to the new up and coming business men. This led to a switch in who really ruled the classes in the British society. Businessmen took the lead as they gained what was considered well earned social prestige and the aristocrats lost power. The people in the society who gained the most from the Industrial Revolution was the middle class. In fact, they started living as if they were aristocrats. They were able to buy nicer and bigger homes and they gained as they were the ones who became wealthy owners of the mining companies and so on. The increase in jobs allowed for more families to believe that women belonged in the house to take care of the family and be the heart and emotional stability for the family. As the families were able to afford this way of life more believed this was the best way to live therefore the women in this society were cast to the home and family and that's it.
7) The differences between the Russian and United States Industrial Revolution started in where they began. For the United States it began in the textile industry on New England and exploded after the Civil War. In Russia the Industrial Revolution as first focused specifically on the railroads and heavy industry. Also Russia and the United States changed for different reasons. In the United States the social and economic change was brought on by farmers, worker and businessmen looking for new opportunities while in Russia it was less of a choice from the citizens. The change was more initiated by the state itself and the higher up in order to keep up with the other large growing states in Europe at the time. Therefore it was way more directed than the rise of new interests in the US and other ares of Europe. In America, no political party or huge uprising came out go the industrialization to represent the workers compared to in Russia where there was an entire revolt to go up agains the state who chose everything for them. In Russia and Russia only was industrialization paired with the radical socialist groups and their rise in the society. In America they pretty much deemed socialism as un-American and socialists barely made a dent in the society where conservative ethics took more power.
3) Britain was distinctive because it was the most commercialized out of all of Europe's larger countries. Beginning with landlords, agriculturally they had pushed out the smaller farmers in order to make room for the more fruitful agricultural business that could help produce for the market and make big innovations. Along with this, guilds had basically disappeared meaning the big employers were running their manufacturing enterprises and as the population grew super fast, there was a bunch people ready for industrial work. Besides this, Britain political life encouraged the growth and skills connected to innovation and technology. In fact, the British government favored men of business by creating laws that made it easier for businessmen to make companies and to erase workers unions. And one of the biggest things that helped Britain in the Industrial revolution was the ready supply of oil and coal within easy reach of the main industrial centers. So overall since Britain's society was already relatively laid back and not set in stone as much as many other countries during that time, the new changes that came with the industrial revolution didn't spark emotion for revolt but more welcomed it.
4) The transformation to the British society could be seen as both good and bad. For most of the people within the society, good or bad it was a huge change in general. It was considered very painful and traumatic for a majority of the people as they were made to feel a kind of social conflict and insecurity. It created new opportunities for people too though and it ended up creating a higher standard of living along with higher percentage of participation in the community. The people who suffered the least materially, not surprisingly was the individual landowning aristocrats. They were still needed especially considering the growing population and their need for agricultural crops. That being said however as a class, the British aristocracy actually declined due to the new up and coming business men. This led to a switch in who really ruled the classes in the British society. Businessmen took the lead as they gained what was considered well earned social prestige and the aristocrats lost power. The people in the society who gained the most from the Industrial Revolution was the middle class. In fact, they started living as if they were aristocrats. They were able to buy nicer and bigger homes and they gained as they were the ones who became wealthy owners of the mining companies and so on. The increase in jobs allowed for more families to believe that women belonged in the house to take care of the family and be the heart and emotional stability for the family. As the families were able to afford this way of life more believed this was the best way to live therefore the women in this society were cast to the home and family and that's it.
7) The differences between the Russian and United States Industrial Revolution started in where they began. For the United States it began in the textile industry on New England and exploded after the Civil War. In Russia the Industrial Revolution as first focused specifically on the railroads and heavy industry. Also Russia and the United States changed for different reasons. In the United States the social and economic change was brought on by farmers, worker and businessmen looking for new opportunities while in Russia it was less of a choice from the citizens. The change was more initiated by the state itself and the higher up in order to keep up with the other large growing states in Europe at the time. Therefore it was way more directed than the rise of new interests in the US and other ares of Europe. In America, no political party or huge uprising came out go the industrialization to represent the workers compared to in Russia where there was an entire revolt to go up agains the state who chose everything for them. In Russia and Russia only was industrialization paired with the radical socialist groups and their rise in the society. In America they pretty much deemed socialism as un-American and socialists barely made a dent in the society where conservative ethics took more power.
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